在托福听力考试中，有些考生常常找不到方向去复习;有的更是次次考试，每每抓不住托福听力考试的重点，下面以托福听力部分为主，为大家详细介绍在托福听力考试中出现的难点材料，并附解读。

　　浪漫主义诗人华兹华斯

　　18-19 世纪英国浪漫主义(Romanticism) 诗歌的鼻祖华兹华斯Wordsworth 的诗歌。浪漫主义这个称谓是后人加上的，不是浪漫主义诗人对自己的称呼(此处有题)。

　　浪漫主义Romanticism 不是我们平时理解的浪漫romance/romantic，和男女之间的爱情无关。Romanticism针对的是普通人common people 而不是少数受过教育的人educated people。浪漫主义诗人用简单的语言simple language 描述日常生活中常见的事物、孩子、人类情感以及自然和人类之间的互动(有题：浪漫主义诗的特点。(双选)针对的是个人情感，与古典主义不同。)。

　　教授以自己为例，说自己在散步时感受到了这种互动(此处出题)与romanticism 针锋相对的一种风格是neo-classism(新古典主义)，也是那位romanticism 的鼻祖很反对的。Neo-classism(新古典主义) 使用太多的elaboration，如sky 不叫sky，而叫blue extend;bird 不叫bird，而叫feathered person。(有题：重听题，是对古典主义诗的描述，说他们把bird 说成fly people，大概是表现古典主义诗的特征。)

　　教授把该诗人的作品分为三个阶段。早期的浪漫主义作品，主要描述植物的(花与草)诗歌。中期时是对一些社会现象做的尖锐评论。后期时对早期的作品进行修改review。目前，文学界还是认为它早期的作品是最好的。教授还说，他的诗越写到后来就越写越糟糕，反而早期的比较好，本文重点讲了他第一阶段的诗)重听题，大意是说教授认为作者第一阶段的早期作品比较好，但是在课上不对以后的作品作评价，暗示了什么?本文重点讲了他第一阶段的诗。)

　　背景资料:

　　ROMANTICISM

　　Romanticism is a style in the fine arts and literature. It emphasizes passion rather than reason, and imagination and intuition rather than logic. Romanticism favors full expression of the emotions, and free, spontaneous action rather than restraint and order.

　　Romanticism can be seen as a rejection of the precepts of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality that typified Classicism in general and late 18th-century Neoclassicism in particular.

　　It was also to some extent a reaction against the Enlightenment and against 18th-century rationalism and physical materialism in general. Romanticism emphasized the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, and the transcendental.

　　Romanticism in literature. During the Romantic Movement, most writers were discontented with their world. It seemed commercial, inhuman, and standardized. To escape from modern life, the Romantics turned their interest to remote and faraway places, the medieval past, folklore and legends, and nature and the common people. The Romantics were also drawn to the supernatural.

　　WORDSWORTH

　　Wordsworth, William (1770-1850), is considered by many scholars to be the most important English Romantic poet. In 1795, Wordsworth met Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The two men collaborated on Lyrical Ballads (1798), a collection of poems frequently regarded as the symbolic beginning of the English Romantic movement.

　　Wordsworth argued that serious poems could describe "situations from common life" and be written in the ordinary language "really used by men." He believed such poems could clarify "the primary laws of our nature." Wordsworth also insisted that poetry is "emotion recollected in tranquility."

　　He explained that his poetry used everyday language rather than the elevated poetic language of such earlier writers as Dryden and Pope because everyday language comes closer to expressing genuine human feeling. For the same reason, he wanted to write about everyday topics, especially rural, unsophisticated subjects.

　　Wordsworth and Coleridge lived most of their lives in the scenic Lake District of northwestern England and wrote expressively about the beauties of nature and the thoughts that natural beauty inspires. Many of their blank verse poems are written in a meditative, conversational tone new to English poetry.

　　Wordsworth, as we have said, is the chief representative of some of the most important principles in the romantic movement, but he is far more a member of any movement, through his supreme poetic expression of some of the greatest spiritual ideals he belongs among the five or six greatest English poets.

　　First, he is the profoundest interpreter of nature in all poetry. His feeling for nature has two aspects. he is keenly sensitive, and in a more delicately discriminating way than any of his predecessors, to all the external beauty and glory of nature, especially inanimate nature of mountains, woods and fields, streams and flowers, in all their infinitely varied aspects. A wonderful joyous and intimate sympathy with them is one of his controlling impulses.

　　In the second place, Wordsworth is the most consistent of all the great English poets of democracy, though here as elsewhere his interest is mainly not t in the external but in the spiritual aspect of things.

　　The obstinacy and these poems are only the most conspicuous result of Wordsworth chief temperamental defect, which was an almost total lack of the sense of humor. Regarding himself as the prophet of a supremely important new gospel, he never admitted the possibility of error in his own point of view and was never able to stand aside from his poetry and criticize it dispassionately.